What Is Credit Card Fraud? Essay -- Crime

assign visiting shake fraud is highly publicized in this era and you should know what it looks like. This is the most putting green and simplest form of identity theft. All it would take is having someone elses name, address, date of birth, and social security number. With all the pertinent study on a soul one tin thunder mug get loans, and open new bank accounts. Also, someone could use the somebodys existing bank account. Just about anything can be accomplished with someone elses information. Simple and thought to be unimportant information could turn out to be very valuable information to a person doing credit card fraud or identity theft.A simple definition of credit card fraud is illegally obtaining goods, funds, or services deceptively. The measurement of time for this type of fraud to be discovered can vary. Credit card fraud, better known to others as identity theft, can cause great turmoil in a person or familys life by taking away their sense of security. Credit ca rd fraud does not mean, necessarily, that a person has to have the card the only thing a person really has to have is the card number, expiration date, and the three-digit card verification number on the back with the card holders name. In most cases of credit card fraud the person committing the fraud very knows the person quite well and the address to where the bill is sent. With all of this being said, when it comes to you or your familys finances be careful. Someone you think you know and confidence can very easily steal your credit card information, or even personal information to use for his or her own personal gain. Credit card fraud is just as simple as ordering things over the Internet or the phone. A person can make a copy of your card and use it with few, or no, ... ...redit card fraud the amount of time it takes for the crime to be discovered can vary. When the card itself is stolen, the theft may be determined quickly, but in cases where a persons personal inform ation has been stolen, it can take far longer. If only a persons credit card information is appropriated, then the consumer is likely to notice the illegal charges on their next billing statement, but if the theft extends to an individuals identity, then a culprit who uses a separate address may be able to fully prevent discovery of the crime for an indeterminate amount of time. (1995-2012 HG.org- HGExperts.com) Works Citedhttp//theworldeconomy.info/article/avoid-credit-card-fraud/http//www.combat-identity-theft.com/what-is-credit-card-fraud.htmlhttp//people.exeter.ac.uk/whatupman/undergrad/owsylves/page3.htmlhttp//www.hg.org/credit-card-fraud.html

The Technological Need for Holographic Data Storage :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Technological Need for Holographic Data StorageDigital technology has become the latest byword in entertainment and computers. Records and analog cassette tapes stool been supplanted with Compact Discs, and now VCRs are being challenged by Digital Video Discs. Multimedia applications such as these consume enormous amounts of retention space, and are challenging the limits of todays storage devices. Many solutions are being put forth in an attempt to keep pace with the growth in demand for digital info storage. Some are evolutionary changes in existing media, which can incrementally increase speed and capacity, while others attempt to circumvent the limitations of present media by using brand-new methods, and promise to leapfrog over conventional technology. Holographic data storage is one of these attempts at creating a new type of high density storage device. However, scientists have been trying to develop a holographic storage device for the past 30 years, when the concei t was first proposed. There have been few commercialised holographic storage devices released since then, but recent developments in the field and the inertia behind the search for solutions promise to eventually make holographic storage a commercially viable reality. Holograms have been around for quite a while. Denis Gabor, a British Physicist, pioneered holographic technology in the 1940s (Glanz 736). In his research, he discovered that, when a beam of coherent light scatters off an object and intersects with another coherent beam, the interference pattern created where the beams cross harbors a three dimensional mental image of the object . . . . The image will reappear when this hologram is probed with a third beam of coherent light (Glanz 736). Thus began the field of holography.Scientists first conceived of using Gabors holograms to store data over thirty years ago. In 1962, IBM instructed Glenn Sincerbox to research using holograms to store data (Glanz 736). The scientist s at the time felt, The novel technology holograms promised devices that could pack information 10 times more densely and fetch it 100 times more quickly than could any magnetic disk or tape drive (Gibbs 128). The idea of using holograms to store digital data has been around for many years, and its promises have long been apparent.Holograms are recorded by intersecting an image bearing optical maser beam with a reference beam. The intersection of these beams records the image into the medium which is being recorded on, and the image can then be read later by shining a reference beam at the laser, which then reproduces the original image-bearing wavefront (Heanue, Bashaw, and Hesselink 749).

Essay --

Animal protection and conservation acts began to appear in the 1900s following the near extinction of the bison and the passenger pigeon. Ignorance regarding the idea of extinction combined with the popularity of hunting, hard hurt these species. Hunters and naturalists killed wildlife for game and study without much thought for the species survival. In addition the rapid industrialization threatened the natural habitats of thousands of species. The first major piece of puppet legislation was the Lacey Act of 1900 which prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state gaming laws. Other laws of the era included the Migratory Bird preservation Act of 1929 and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 (Klyza). In the 1960s legislation moved from regulation to preservation. The Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 was the first real exploit at preservation. When designating 78 animals to the 1996 list, Secretary of the Interior Mark Udall said that an inform ed public will act to help reduce the dangers threatening these rare animals (AP). The terminus was to inform the public that certain species were in danger and to protect the species before major damage could occur. Although there was legislation prior to 1973, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was the approximately wide reaching and important pieces of environmental legislation that passed in the 1970s. Following a string of environmental disasters, citizens became more aware and started to demand environmental legislation. From Rachel Carsons Silent Spring in 1962, to the inaugural Earth day in 1970 with about 20 million attendees, environmental issues started to receive massive exposure. This exposure helped merge a growing public awarene... ...roduct of the 1970s and the environmental movement, is not the best law possible but it does do a fine job as the only real animal protection law. The ESAs goal of preserving species like others included in environmental legislat ion at the time, was unrealistic (Klyza). The ESA could never do as much as its creators would have liked, but to repeal the law would leave hundreds of species unprotected. The country needs to protect the fragile ecosystems that it houses and the ESA has helped with that. The ESA is essential because it protects the ecosystems that once destroyed, cannot be rebuilt. The protection of ecosystems has truly become the ESAs largest and most important contribution. The ESA or any similar legislation could not pass today with the intensely enthusiast Congress and thus it needs to stay as the only true protection for North American species.

Infrastructural Warfare and the Conditions of Democracy :: Warfare Violence Essays

Infrastructural Warfare and the Conditions of Democracy When policy-making leaders refer to the September eleventh attacks in New York and Washington as war, what do they mean? It used to be that our concept of war was defined by a raft of boundaries. Nation-states fought wars to defend their borders. They fielded armies, and those armies fought along front lines. Soldiers were separate from civilians, and the soldiers domain was separate from the civilian domain. Soldiers ran the war from day to day the civilian leadership gave the big orders and sit back. Those boundaries no longer apply, as much evidence shows (1) If you want to destroy someone nowadays, you get into their infrastructure. You dont have to be a nation state to do it, and if your enemy retains any capacity for retaliation then its probably better if youre not. (2) Because the fighting is all on television, the fine details of the fighting become political matters. Soldiers complain bitterly about politicians in terference, not understanding that technology has eliminated their zone of professional autonomy. The politicians are *right* to be interfering. (3) The US military thought that the Republicans would hold on them from the Democrats boundary-breaching conceptions of the 21st century world, but Donald Rumsfelds abortive reform efforts -- which are really attempts to transpose the traditionally narrow view of military affairs into a science-fiction report -- have only clarified how archaic the traditional conception of warfare really is. (4) During the campaign, George W. Bush harshly criticizied the nation-building activities to which military personnel have been assigned in Kosovo and elsewhere. The truth was that nation-building is a geopolitical necessity in a totally wired world, and that the soldiers themselves *like* serving in Kosovo -- they know that they are doing something useful for once. The nation-building goes on. (5) In the old days, the industry that produced militar y equipment was almost entirely separate from the industry that produced civilian equipment. But economies of scale in the production of technology, especially information and communications technologies, have grown so great that the military must buy much of its equipment from the civilian market, even though the civilian equipment is not hardened for military purposes (or even, in the case of computer security, for civilian purposes). (6) Even airplane hijackings have lost their old boundaries. It is becoming clear that the people in the plane that crashed in rural Pennsylvania had extensive communications to the ground, and knew about the first attack on the World Trade Center.

Developmental Psychology Journal Articles Essay -- Papers

Developmental Psychology Journal ArticlesThe five journal articles I examined were all from ajournal highborn Developmental Psychology, May 2000. The first journal article that I observed was quiescence Patterns andSleep Disruptions in School-Aged Children. This studyassessed the sleep patterns, sleep disruptions, andsleepiness of school-age children. Sleep patterns of 140children (72 boys and 68 girls 2nd-, 4th-, and 6th-gradestudents) were evaluated with activity monitors(actigraphs). In addition, the children and their parentscompleted complementary sleep questionnaires and dailyreports. The findings reflected significant age differences,indicating that older children have more delayed sleep onsettimes and increased reported daytime sleepiness. Girls werefound to spend more time in sleep and to have an increasedpercentage of electrostatic sleep. Fragmented sleep was foundin 18% of the children. No age differences were found in anyof the sleep quality measures. Scores on accu sive sleepmeasures were associated with subjective reports ofsleepiness. Family stress, parental age, and parentaleducation were related to the childs sleep-wake measures.The next article I observed was Shared CaregivingComparisons Between Home and Child-Care Settings. Theexperiences of 84 German toddlers (12-24 months old) whowere either enrolled or not enrolled in child care weredescribed with observational checklists from the time theywoke up until they went to bed. The total amount of careexperienced over the course of a weekday by 35 pairs oftoddlers (1 member of each pair in child care, 1 member not)did not differ according to whether the toddlers worn-out(a) timein child care. Although the child... ...h theirmothers and their fathers on separate occasions in theirfamilies homes. Parent-child pairs played for 8 minuteseach with a feminine-stereotyped toy set (foods and plates)and a masculine-stereotyped toy set (track and cars). Levelsof affiliation (engaging vs. distancing ) and assertion(direct vs. non-direct) were rated on 7-point scales every 5seconds from the videotapes for both parent and child.Overall, the play activity accounted for a large proportionof the mutation in parents and childrens mean affiliationand assertion ratings. Some hypothesized gender-relateddifferences in behavior were also observed. In addition,exploratory analyses revealed some differences between thedifferent ethnic groups. The results high spot theimportance of role modeling and activity settings in thesocialization and social construction of gender.

Developmental Psychology Journal Articles Essay -- Papers

Developmental Psychology Journal ArticlesThe five journal articles I examined were all from ajournal titled Developmental Psychology, May 2000. The first journal article that I observed was peace Patterns andSleep Disruptions in School-Aged Children. This studyassessed the peacefulness patterns, sleep disruptions, andsleepiness of school-age children. Sleep patterns of 140children (72 boys and 68 girls 2nd-, 4th-, and 6th-gradestudents) were evaluated with activity monitors(actigraphs). In addition, the children and their parentscompleted complementary sleep questionnaires and dailyreports. The findings reflected significant age differences,indicating that older children have more delayed sleep onsettimes and increased reported daytime sleepiness. Girls werefound to spend more time in sleep and to have an increasedpercentage of noneffervescent sleep. Fragmented sleep was foundin 18% of the children. No age differences were found in anyof the sleep quality measures. Scores on hea ding sleepmeasures were associated with subjective reports ofsleepiness. Family stress, parental age, and parentaleducation were related to the childs sleep-wake measures.The next article I observed was Shared CaregivingComparisons Between Home and Child-Care Settings. Theexperiences of 84 German toddlers (12-24 months old) whowere either enrolled or not enrolled in child care weredescribed with observational checklists from the time theywoke up until they went to bed. The total amount of careexperienced everywhere the course of a weekday by 35 pairs oftoddlers (1 member of each pair in child care, 1 member not)did not differ according to whether the toddlers spent timein child care. Although the child... ...h theirmothers and their fathers on separate occasions in theirfamilies homes. Parent-child pairs played for 8 minuteseach with a feminine-stereotyped toy set (foods and plates)and a masculine-stereotyped toy set (track and cars). Levelsof affiliation (engaging vs. distancing ) and assertion(direct vs. non-direct) were rated on 7-point scales every 5seconds from the videotapes for both parent and child.Overall, the play activity accounted for a large proportionof the form in parents and childrens mean affiliationand assertion ratings. Some hypothesized gender-relateddifferences in behavior were also observed. In addition,exploratory analyses revealed some differences between thedifferent ethnic groups. The results suck up theimportance of role modeling and activity settings in thesocialization and social construction of gender.

International Relation Essay

The writing of Nicholas Kristof offers an objective and practical insight into one of the lease understood and one of the intimately ignored regions in universe of discourse-Africa. distant many arm chair theorists, Kristof has personally made a number of detours of Africa, especially its violence torn regions, nonably Darfur in Sudan, Congo, Somalia and Liberia, seen the devastation wrecked by years of conflict, met the victims, listened their tales, and took their stories to international audience.However, unlike many reporters, Kristofs stories do not end with the tales of the victims, but they involve readers by raising the question of individual actions on readers part. The images and narrations that subtly form the watermark of Kristofs canvas continue to remind readers that while governments across the world would try to approach the problem from political consideration, the adult male crisis and tragedy unfolding in African regions also necessitates participation by inte rnational citizens.In several of this blogs Kristof makes it clear that participation doesnt imply pot taking the first flight to Africa-its about creating a sense of solidarity and unity about the cause, creating a notion of identification, and inspiring people with the idea that something should be done. Action, Kristof maintains, comes quite later and even when it comes, it may not be the direct action.However, once people reach a collective level of thought and idea, they atomic number 18 better positioned to create the platform for the action. Kristof brings out the daily landscape of war ravished African towns, uprooted people, and broken societies and culture simply, but very realistically and powerfully. His writing is not about convincing people of what he has seen or experienced, but alternatively of concedeing them to experience his experiences.Gradually, building a continuous series of small insights, events, narrations, stories, Kristof takes readers to the depth o f his observation, and the Africa, which well-nigh of his readers form only seen in images, movies and news, assumes a living shape, speaking to the readers through its people whom Kristof meets and interviews. The vagueness lifts and we see real people living through some of the around difficult situations imaginable, and yet maintaining the semblance of life, order, and ordinary hope in their endeavor to construct as stable a future as the circumstances allow them.Through Kristof work we also get a taste of what developed nations are doing or pretending to do in Sudan, Congo, Somalia, Chad, and various other countries that are locked in vicious conflict. As it appears the network and coordination among global organizations, particularly UN and individuals appears to be more effectual that aid programs and campaigns run by European and American governments. The touchstone of aid and help, although promised in hundreds of millions of dollars and Euros, hardly make to the people who would need it most. And yet, life moves on in Africa.And it is this depiction of movement, constant change, and readiness to accept even the most challenging circumstances, upheavals and uncertainties and assimilate them as a daily part of life and move ahead, that makes Kristofs work on Africa significant and vital from every neighborly and political aspect. Africa For a very considerable time Africa had been called the Dark Continent. This term, if analyzed closely, is not a reflection upon Africa, but upon the rest of the world, who could not, or rather did not peer into a whole and huge continent.Thus when the world called Africa as Dark continent, it was admittance of their own ignorance and lack of knowledge about the place, that in all probability was the origin of humankind. Africa consist of 53 independent countries today, and numerous tribes, ethnic communities and cultures, which are spread from the extent of Sahara desert to the deep recess of equatorial rain forest s. By western standards, Africa is not developed and advanced, which is surprising considering the fact that for a larger part of previous couple of centuries, a considerable atom of Africa was colonized by various European powers.Today our understanding of Africa has widened considerably, thanks to dedicated explorers, researchers, aid and charity workers, and of course media. However, if we try to put this understanding in different compartments of knowledge, the images and visions making up the almost the entire picture constitute of a poverty-stricken, war ravished, famished, diseased, illiterate, and generally suffering population which is looking towards rest of the world for help and aid.Indeed these images are not doctored and they do represent the reality that they want to convey however, it is vital to understand that real as they are, the images, videos and clips that we see on news channels, books and books form only a part of the vast reality of Africa. The northern pr ovinces of Africa exhibit cultural influence of two Asia and Europe, with their geographical proximity to both these continents. Countries situated near the equator have a rich blend of tribal and semi urban cultural influence.Within previous 50 years, many of the countries have made remarkable progress, such as Cameroon, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, and Uganda among many others. However, there is a the bitter reality of intense regional conflict, tribal clashes and war that has deep afflicted several major countries of Africa, the notable among them being Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia, and Chad. Decades of conflict in these regions have claimed millions of lives, and created an international humanitarian crisis of a magnitude that is often compared to the crisis of Jews during the Second manhood War.Unfortunately the international knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of Africa and its people is extremely limited and dependent upon only the eye catching events tha t occur there. In the recent decades, much of the Africa has been intercommunicate from suffering through political stability, collapse of the law and order, war, famine, and tribal conflict. These images and stories persuade people to drop Africa from their travel itinerary Africa is never considered in the same agency as Europe, Australia or Asia Pacific countries are considered.

Marxism: Different Stages of History

Dialectic AnalysisThe basic premise of dialectical analysis is the theory in which society is treated as a historically evolving and bodyically interrelated whole, has had a profound adjoin on political science, frugals and sociology. This dialectical method, which seeks to uncover the estimable context of historically peculiar(prenominal) genial interactions in any(prenominal) given system, is used by Marx as a tool for understanding class relationships under capitalism, and as a govern handst agency for altering such structures funda morally. Uniting theory and practice, Marx declargond in his Theses on FeuerbachThe philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways the power point is to stir it1.Dialectical materialism is essentially characterized by the belief that history is the product of class struggle and obeys the general Hegelian principle of philosophy of history that is the emergence of the thesis into its antithesis.2Basic Premise of Materialistic Th eoryThe materialist theory of history starts from the proposition that homo beings are creatures of need, and hence that the material side of human life, physical needs and economical action to satisfy them is primary and basic. Historians and social philosophers until then had focused on the actions of severalizes and rulers only and had not considered the importance of economic developments.According to Marx, every society is composed of true(a) forces of achievement (tools, machinery and comminute to affiance them) with which are associated spellicular social relations of production (property relations, division of labour). These together constitute the material base of society, upon which arises a superstructure of political and licit institutions, and ideological forms to include art, religion and philosophy. He further addedIt is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social beings which determines their consciousness3.T he development of productive forcesThe development of the human race from crude stone tools to the bow and pointer, and the subsequent usefulness from the life of hunters to the domestication of animals and uninitiate pasturage the transition from stone tools to metal tools resulting in a corresponding transition to tillage and agriculture a further improvement in metal tools, the introduction of the blacksmiths bellows, the introduction of pottery, with a corresponding development of handicrafts, the insularity of handicrafts from agriculture, the development of an independent handicraft industry and, subsequently, of manufacture the transition from handicraft tools to machines and the transformation of handicraft and manufacture into machine industry the transition to the machine system and the rise of voguern large-scale machine industry are all the characteristic stages of development of the productive forces of society in the course of mans history.This development and imp rovement of the instruments of production had been effected by men who were related to production, and not independently of men and, consequently, the change and development of the instruments of production was accompanied by a change and development of men, as the most important element of the productive forces, by a change and development of their production experience, their labor skill, their ability to handle the instruments of production. In conformity with the change and development of the productive forces of society in the course of history and mens relations of production, their economic relations also changed and developed.Phases of Materialistic HistoryAt any given historical period the relations of production provide the social framework for economic development. The developing forces of production give rise to increasing involvement with the existing relations of production and these conflicts are reflected as class struggles. From forms of development of the producti ve forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution in which social relations and the entire immense superstructure is transformed.4Accordingly, Marx concluded that all nations go through five economic stages primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and socialism.Primitive PhaseThe basic tenet of production in the primitive phase angle of human history is that the means of production are friendship owned which is consistent with the character of the productive forces of that period. Primitive tools and weapons like stone tools and the bow and arrow had limited efficacy and lethality, a major factor which precluded the possibility of men individually combating the forces of nature and beasts of prey. In order to fulfill the r discloseine activities like fabrication fruits from the forest, catch fish or game, or to build any form of inhabitation, men were obliged to work in communities or groups to obviate the possibility of end due to st arvation, or fall victims of beast of prey or be killed by rival groups.Community form of labour and work led to a community based consumption of the produced yield. At this stage the concept of individual ownership of the means of production did not yet exist, except for the personal ownership of certain implements of production which were at the analogous time means of defense against beasts of prey. Hence, there was neither exploitation, nor any class structure in place.Slave PhaseThe primitive phase was followed by the Slave Stage which is based on the theory that under this system, the slave-owner owns the means of production and the workers in the production chain. Such relations of production correspond to the advance of the productive forces of that period. In this stage, the slave owner has all the rights over the slave- whom he privy sell, purchase, or kill as though he were an animal. During the slave stage, the primitive stone tools and primitive husbandry have been r eplaced by metal tools and pasturage tillage respectively .The primitive man who till now was in the allow for power of the most basic tools now possessed the means to conduct farming , handicrafts and tillage, and a division of labor betwixt these branches of production. There appears the possibility of the exchange of products between individuals and between societies, of the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few, the actual accumulation of the means of production in the hands of a minority, and the possibility of subjection of the majority by a minority and the conversion of the majority into slaves.At this stage, the common and free labor of all members of society in the production process is replaced by the forced labor of slaves, who are exploited by the non-laboring slave-owners. The main aspects of this stage is the appearance of the slave owner(the prime and principal property owner), the increasing existence of the blue and poor, exploiters and exploited, peopl e with full rights and people with no rights, and the beginning of a fierce class struggle between them.Feudal StageThe basis of the relations of production under the feudal system is that the feudal lord owns the means of production and does not fully own the worker in production. This implies that the worker of the slave stage has progressed and he derriere no longer be owned, bought or sold by the slave owner. Alongside of feudal ownership there exists individual ownership by the crosspatch and the handicraftsman of his implements of production and his private enterprise based on his personal labor5.Such relations of production correspond to the state of the productive forces of that period. Further improvements in the smelting and working of exhort the spread of the iron plow and the loom the further development of agriculture, horticulture, viniculture and dairying the appearance of manufactories alongside of the handicraft workshops have all led to intensify importance of the worker who is now a skilled artisan. The invigorated productive forces demand that the laborer/worker/artisan shall display some kind of possibility and inclination in production and for work.The feudal lord therefore discards the slave, as a laborer who has no interest in work and is entirely without initiative, and prefers to bay window with the serf (artisan), who has his own husbandry, implements of production, and a certain interest in work essential for the cultivation of the land and for the payment in kind of a part of his harvest to the feudal lord.In this stage, private ownership is further developed and the affects of exploitation is slightly mitigated. A class struggle between exploiters and exploited is the principal indication of the feudal system.Capitalist StageThe basis of the relations of production under the capitalist system is that the capitalist owns the means of production, but not the workers in production6 the wage laborers, whom the capitalist can neither kill nor sell because they are personally free, but who are deprived of means of production and in order not to die of hunger, are obliged to sell their labor power to the capitalist.Due to the rapid strides in the technological and the industrial aspects, there is an increased importance of the technologically intensive means of production like the factories, mills and the huge capitalist farms run on scientific lines and supplied with agricultural machinery. This rapid change in the means of production has an adverse impact on the workers.The private property of the peasants and handicraftsmen in the means of production being based on personal labor is rendered insignificant and they have to submit their labour to the owners of the means of production. The new productive forces require that the workers in production shall be better educated and more intelligent in comparison to the earlier workers, in the sense that they understand machinery and operate it properly. Theref ore, the capitalists prefer to deal with wage-workers, who are free from the bonds of serfdom and who are educated enough to be able properly to operate machinery.Transition to CommunismThe division of society into classes gives rise to political, ethical, philosophical, and religious views of the world, views which express existing class relations and tend either to consolidate or to undermine the power and bureau of the dominant class. Marx clarifies it furtherThe ideas of the ruling class are, in every age, the ruling ideas i.e., the class which is the dominant material force in society is at the same time its dominant intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.7However, oppressed classes, although hampered by the ideological dominance of oppressors, generate counter-ideologies to combat them. In revolutionary or pre-Revolutionary periods it even happens that certain r epresentatives of the dominant class shift allegiance. impertinent social relationships begin to develop within older social structures and result from contradictions and tensions within that structure at the same time as they exacerbate them.For example, new modes of production slowly emerged within late feudal society and allowed the bourgeoisie, which controlled these new modes of production, effectively to challenge the hold of the classes that had dominated the feudal order. As the bourgeois mode of production gained sufficient specific weight, it undermined the feudal relations in which it first made its appearance. The economic structure of capitalist society has grown out of the economic structure of feudal society.The dissolution of the latter sets free the elements of the former.8 Similarly, the capitalist mode of production brings into being a proletarian class of factory workers. As these men acquire class consciousness, they discover their fundamental antagonism to the bourgeois class and band together to overthrow a regime to which they owe their existence. The proletariat carries out the sentence which private property, by creating the proletariat, passes upon itself.9the process of industrialization concentrates working people in factories and cities, hence the working class develops from being an unorganized and unconscious visual sense through its struggle with the bourgeoisie to being an organized and conscious political force, a force which is ultimately destined to be the gravedigger of capitalism and to inaugurate a new mode of production socialism10SocialismThe conquest of political power by the working class will lead to the creation of a socialist state in which the working class is the ruling class and which functions in the interests of the working class. In this way the dictatorship of the proletariat will replace the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Its main procedure is to abolish the private ownership of the means of productio n, and hence the social and economic basis of class divisions. As the material basis of class divisions is dissolved, class differences will gradually disappear, and with them the need for the state as an instrument of class rule and as a distinct coercive force. In the higher stage of full communism, the state is destined ultimately to wither away11, as Engels puts it, and the government of people will be replaced by the administration of things12ConclusionDuring the present century, history itself seems to have provided a remarkable confirmation of the main outlines of Marxs thought. At one stage in modern history, the prediction that capitalism is destined to be restricted to a concomitant and limited historical stage which will be superseded seemed to be justified by the succession of revolutions which removed a large part of the world from its grip. The give way of the regimes of Soviet and Eastern European communism in 1989, however, has proved that Marxism is now dead and t hat its prediction of a historical stage beyond capitalism is an illusion. Nevertheless, it rest the most comprehensive and powerful theory for understanding and explaining the capitalist world.1 Marx, Karl (1845) Theses on Feuerbach, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected kit and boodle, New York International Publishers, 1968, pp. 2830.2 Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847a, London Lawrence & Wishart, 1955, chapter II 3 Marx, Karl A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy(1859),PP 389. 4 Ibid 389-905 G.A. Cohen, Karl Marxs Theory of History A Defence, Oxford Oxford University Press, 1978,pp65 6 Ibid 7 Marx Karl, Selected Writings, ed. D. McLellan, Oxford Oxford University Press, 1977 8 Ibid9 Ibid 10Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto 1848, Selected Works, Volume 1, Moscow Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962 11 V.I. Lenin, State and Revolution, in Selected Works in Three Volumes, Volume 2, Moscow Progress Publishers, revi sed edn 1975,10-14 12 Capital, 3 Volumes 1867, 1885, 1894, London Lawrence & Wishart, 1961-71

English Imperialism and Representations Essay

In William Shakespeares The violent storm Prospero, an exiled Naples duke, and his daughter, Miranda, are marooned on a inappropriate island psycheh the lone indigenous1 inhabitant, a beast man named Caliban. Through his sorcery Prospero is able to enslave Caliban, the indigene, who toils for the benefit of Prospero and Miranda, the usurping colonial powers. firearm it is unclear if Shakespeare intended The Tempest to reflect military capability imperialism during the late 16th and seventeenth coulomb, there are many congruencies amidst events in the play and events around the time of the plays runner performance in 1611.To begin with, in order to analyze these congruencies a brief overview of Englands reinvigorated serviceman2 exploration and colonization is necessary. Next, Gonzalos interest in the island and his plantation scheme illustrate the face imperial yearning for the New earth. In addition, the graduation exercise exchange between Caliban and Prospero encaps ulate the conflicts of indigenous pile and the colonizers in an imperial relationship. Finally, the question remains if Caliban acts specifically inseparable Ameri dissolves or broadly re throws subjugated indigenous people by position colonization.Shakespeares The Tempest metaphorically represents English imperialism and encapsulates English senti handsts towards the New earth during the time of its cultural production. During the life of Shakespeare, especially around the time of the first performance of The Tempest, Europe engaged in imperialistic activities throughout the New World. In addition, during Shakespeares lifetime, Englands imperialistic activities would play a larger role in the countrys interests and developments. In Alden T.Vaughan article pot of Wonder England Encounters the New Worlds inbred, Vaughan gets how English perceptions of the Native Americans developed over the course of the 16th century. The English, while interested in the New World, did not pl ay an active role in its initial exploration English people in the Tudor era lagged noticeably bunghole other Europeans in tuition about the Americas. For nearly a century, English interest in the New World was surprisingly tangential, more a affair of curiosity than of conquest and based primarily on foreign rather than on English observation (Vaughan, People, 13).For a majority of the 16th century the English received second hand accounts (writings and illustrations) of the New World. However, the English did make limited forays into developing first hand knowledge of the New World. Vaughan states, The first document suffer between the English and the Indians occurred in about 1502, when Sebastian Cabotbrought back three men taken from Newfoundland (People, 14), but he continues, Not until 1530, apparently, were other Indians brought to England, and not until 1553 did an English publisher phone number a book with appreciable attention to Americas inhabitants (People, 14). er a slow to capitalize on exploring and colonizing the New World, the English became actively involved in the exploration and conquest of the Americas and its peoples. Thereafter, Englands image of American natives reflected uniquely English experiences and expectations (Vaughan, People, 13). One of the significant imperialist ventures around the time Shakespeare wrote The Tempest was the Jamestown colony. The English founded Jamestown in 1607, four years prior to the first performance of The Tempest.While a contemporary critic can only speculate the extent which the New World tantalized and influenced the English during this time, it must have had some sway on the popular imagination of English society, including Shakespeares. In The Tempest, the character Gonzalo demonstrates an interest with the pristine island setting that represents English imperial yearnings. After being shipwrecked on the island, Gonzalo first notices the earthy beauty of the island. He exclaims, How lush and lusty the grass looks How green (2. 1. 53).From his initial observation of the health of the island, Gonzalos interest in the island soon becomes opportunistic Had I plantation of this isle, my lord (2. 1. 140).When Gonzalo says plantation, he means colonization. Gonzalo initial admiration for the island transforms into a scheme to bug out a colony he envisions his colony as the antithesis of industry, a utopic society of idleness. Gonzalo describes his plantation in the following manner I the common wealth I would by contraries Execute all things for no kind of traffic, Would I admit no name of magistrate, Letter should not be known riches, poverty, And intent of service, none contract, succession, Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oilNo occupations all men idle, all, And women too, but innocent and pure No reign (2. 1. 144-52) In Gonzalos colony people just lie around with no one telling them what to do in addition, the women all s tay virgins. Gonzalos companions quickly point out the impossibility of his Eden-like scenario. Sebastian indicates, Yet Gonzalo would be king on the island (2. 1. 153) to which Antonio adds, The latter end of his commonwealth forgets the beginning (2. 1. 154).From the comments by Sebastian and Antonio, it is clear Gonzalos scheme is not practical, but for certain Gonzalos sentiment must have appealed idealistically to English and Europeans tired of the social turmoil in the emeritus World. genus Benzoin Bertram notes in The Time is out of Joint Skepticism in Shakespeares England contemporaneous to Shakespeares life, Londons mercantile interests, unemployment, overpopulation, and immigrants from the province all do colonial ventures appealing (58). Gonzalos fantasizing might tap into the socioeconomic conditions contemporary to the time of cultural production of The Tempest.For some Europeans the social turmoil of the senior World was a sore spot, yearning like Gonzalo for a sw eet start and for a better society in the New World. French courtier Michel De Montaigne in his turn up Of the Cannibals (1580) argues the New World inhabitants are no more barbarous or savage than the Old World denizens, suggesting things might be better in the showcase of the former. De Montaigne establishes, I find (as far as I have been informed) there is nothing in that nation the American Indians, that is either barbarous or savage, unless men call that barbarism which is not common to them (119).De Montaigne alludes to the social line of works of 16th century Europe in pointing out the hypocrisy of the Old World labeling the New World as barbarous or savage. Moreover, De Montaigne sees the New World inhabitants as closer to a natural state and less tainted by military man wit when he observes, It is a nationthat hath no kind of traffic, no knowledge of letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrates, nor of politic superiority no use of service, of riches, or of poverty no contracts, no successions, but common, no apparel but natural, no manuring of lands, no use of wine, corn, or metal (120).Curiously, both Gonzalo and De Montaigne shake up the idea of unfettered idleness and non-use of wine, corn, and metal as a more natural society. Also, in painting an idyllic picture of the social items supposedly rattlebrained from the New World, De Montaigne overlooks that corn is a New World vegetable and that American Indians were familiar with the practice of fertilization, although maybe not mannuring. While a lot of De Montaignes generalizations of the New World inhabitants are arguable, he calls the readers attention to a litany of social items as evidence of the Old World tainted by human wit. However, De Montaigne sarcastically concludes that what the American Indians, supposedly, do with their dead is no more barbaric than what the Europeans do with the living by torturing people, stating there is more barbarism in consume men alive than to feed upon them being dead to mangle by tortures and torments a body full of lively sense, to roast him in pieces, to make dogs and swine to masticate and tear him in mammocksthan to roast and eat him after he is dead (120).De Montaignes relativistic view of transatlantic cultural practices demonstrates culture in the Old World was not necessarily better than culture in the New World. Some Europeans might have yearned for a reprieve from the rigid trapping of the Old World the New World to them might have represented an opportunity for a fresh start, a chance to create a utopic society. The only problem was what to do about the indigenous people already there. The English public had a growing interest in the New World during Shakespeares lifetime, and The Tempest al approximately predicts the course of English imperialism would take.The exchange between Caliban and Prospero in Act 1 Scene 2 metaphorically represents the underlying conflicts plaguing indigenous people and Eng lish colonizers. Caliban represents prototypical native Other3 as he argues against Prospero, the colonial master. Calibans articulation that he is the rightful owner of the island sounds like the universal grievance of many settled people This islands mine, by Sycorax my mother, / Which thou takst from me (1. 2. 335-6).Calibans ownership stems from his mother, a witch, who bore him on the island, and this claim is reminiscent of many indigenous people who eviscerate their social beginnings through a creation myth fixing them to the land. As Caliban goes on, his description of the initial friendly relationship he had with Prospero, parallels the prototypical dealings between indigenous people and colonizers. Often this friendly period includes an exchange of items and information between the two parties. Caliban describes the followingWhen thou camst first, Thou strokst me and made much of me, wouldst come about me Water and berries int, and teach me how To name the bigger light, and how the less, That burn by day and night. And consequently I loved thee And showed thee all the qualities o th isle, The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. (1. 2. 337-43) Caliban attests he showed Prospero the qualities of the island, and in essence, Caliban taught Prospero how to survive on the island. This detail interestingly parallels the situation in Jamestown. B. J. Sokol in A brook New World of Knowledge points out that sojourning Europeans almost entirely depended upon the services of native inhabitants for material survival, and especially for food (83).This grace period between indigenous people and colonizers, however, does not last forever. Sokol continues, In both The Tempest and Virginia these services had at first been voluntarily offered by Native Americans, then they were purchased or extorted, and finally there was refusal, resistance, and rebellion (83). soon the colonizer presses for more resources, more control over the land, and more c ontrol over the indigenous people soon the indigenous people become the colonized.Caliban describes himself from the position of the colonized, For I am all the subjects that you have, / Which first was mine own kin and here you sty me / In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me /The rest o th island (1. 2. 345-7). Calibans central grievance is how Prospero has stripped Caliban of his autonomy and his control over the island. The central grievance for many colonized people is how the colonizer strips autonomy and control over ancestral lands from the colonized. Richard Hakluyt in his essay Reasons for Colonization, written in 1584 about the Virginia colonial project (125), succinctly describes the intentions of the English imperialismThe end of this voyage to northwards America are these 1. ) To plant Christian religion. 2) To traffic. 3. ) To Conquer. Or, to do all three (129). As demonstrated earlier, Caliban is unhappy with his conquered status, a status Prospero confirms w hen he rebuts Calibans grievances, Thou most lying slave (my emphasis, 1. 2. 347). Prospero interestingly goes on to indicate his own inherent superiority and Calibans inherent inferiority, a privileging central to any colonial situation.Prospero states, I have used thee, / Filth as thou are, with humane care (1. 2. 348-9). Prospero ascribes the quality of filth to Caliban and humane-ness to his own actions. As the Hakluyt states, the first objective of the colonizer is to plant Christian religion or bring morality to the heathen indigenous people. Prosperos ultimate argument for supplanting Caliban evokes the moral order the colonizer supposedly brings, for Prospero states the reason he has enslaved Caliban is because Caliban sought to violate/ The honor of Prosperos child (1. 2. 350-1).From the perspective of the colonizer Caliban attempted to rape Miranda however, from the perspective of the lone indigenous someone Caliban attempted to propagate his culture O ho O ho Wouldt had been done / Thou didst prevent me I had peopled else / This isle with Calibans (1. 2. 352-4). While this relativism does not absolve Caliban of attempting to forcefully procreate with Miranda, it does not absolve Prospero of enslaving Caliban either. Unfortunately, Prospero uses one crime to justify another crime Calibans attempted rape leads to his immurement at the hands of Prospero.Furthermore, when Miranda tries to instill Caliban with a sense of guilt over his attempted rape, she states she endowed Calibans purposes / With words that made them known (1. 2. 360-1). However, by endowing Caliban with the speech communication of the colonizer, Miranda has except indoctrinated Caliban in the ideology of the colonizer in which Caliban, the colonized, occupies the margin. The colonizers language is a burden upon the colonized, for in order for the two groups to communicate the onus is on the colonized to learn the colonizers language.Caliban concurs with this onus when he says, You taught me language, and my profit ont / Is I know how to curse. The red plague rid you / For learning me your language (1. 2. 366-8). Another privileging in the imperial situation is the language and culture of the colonizer over the language and culture of colonized. For instance, Thomas Harriot spent time in the Virginia colony and wrote about the Algonquian people in Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia his English contemporaries criticized him for learning the language of the Algonquians (Bertram 59).Bertram notes, the English feared much more than foreign languages, as contact with foreign cultures inspired probing questions about cultural identity (59). Mirandas effacement of Calibans language demonstrates her fear of foreign language and culture. Just as Caliban threatens Mirandas physical sanctity, he also threatens her cultural sanctity by not communication in the controlled discourse. Clearly, the conflict between Caliban and Prospero in The Tempest m etaphorically represents the imperialistic conflicts between the colonized and the colonizer.Lastly, although Caliban can metaphorically represent the colonized Other, did Shakespeare intend Caliban to represent Native Americans specifically? Alden T. Vaughan in his article Shakespeares Indian The Americanization of Caliban examines the history of The Tempest analysis which attempted to see Caliban as representative of Native Americans. Vaughan concludes, If an intentionalist version is insisted upon, and if early interpretations of Caliban are taken into account, his principal prototype was probably the European wild man of Renaissance literature and iconography (Shakespeares, 153).In addition, Ronald Takaki offers in The Tempest in the Wilderness the context surrounding the first performance of the play also, he explains how Shakespeares audience might have grokd the character of Caliban. Takaki explains the following The time of The Tempest was crucial it was first performed a fter the English invasion of Ireland but before the colonization of New England, after John Smiths reaching in Virginia but before the beginning of the tobacco economy, and after the first contacts with Indians but before full-scale warfare against them.This was an era when the English were encountering other peoples and delineating the limitation between civilization and savagery. The social constructions of both these terms were dynamically developing in three sitesIreland, Virginia, and New England. (143) If Shakespeares audience saw Caliban as more man than heller, they likely conflated all known savage Others in their perception of Caliban.When Prospero says, This thing of darkness Caliban I / Acknowledge mine (5. 1. 275-6), Caliban could seem more monster than man, darkness meaning evil, or Caliban could seem more man than monster, darkness referring to skin color. It is unclear what Shakespeare intended however, how people interpret Shakespeare is entirely another matter. Although Vaughan dismisses the model Shakespeare intended Caliban to be Native American, he supports the notion that Caliban can metaphorically be seen as Native American, stating, metaphoric readings of The Tempest have had equal legitimacy with the older literal approach (Shakespeares, 153). There are scholars who have a stake in seeing Caliban as simply meant to be Native Americans.An ready thread of their inquiry is Calibans name, which might be an anagram from a variant spelling of the word canibal. John F. Moffitt and Santiago Sebastian in their text O Brave New People The European Invention of The American Indian describe how the lurid European popular perception quickly associated cannibalism with the inhabitants of the New World. Moffit and Sebastian describe the following Cannibalism was also the specific subcultural attribute of the aborigines of the Other World that, as might be expected, some European illustrators found most noteworthy.In a crude woodcut, a German p rint of 1505representing the earliest European depiction of American Indianscannibalism becomes the foremost collective characteristic of the newly described peoples. (264-5) While Europeans, according to Vaughan, were familiar with the concept of anthropophagi, or eaters of human flesh, such people were considered mythical (People, 15). Vaughan goes on to note, So prominent did some accounts make the eating of human flesh that the word cannibal, from the Carib Indians who presumably practiced the vile custom, gradually replaced the older, more awkward, term for eaters of human flesh (People, 15).Curiously, if Shakespeare meant to evoke the sensational trait of cannibalism ascribed to Native Americans by Europeans in his character Caliban, he does not develop the trait in the play. Conversely, if Caliban does not represent Native Americans, certainly the European characters within the play perceive his usefulness like Native Americans during the early 17th century. The play mentions dead or alive a Native American is profitable for displaying in England. Additionally, Trinculo notes, the English willing / lay out ten to see a dead Indian. (2. 2. 31-32).Later, Stephano schemes to capture Caliban, or as Vaughan euphemistically refers to Native Americans kidnapped by Europeans, coerced American envoys (People, 12). Stephano states, If I can recover him Caliban and keep him tame and get / to Naples with him, hes a present for any emperor that / ever trod on neats lash (2. 2. 65-7). Although Caliban might have the same display value as a Native American in England, this fact does not necessarily make Caliban Native American. Within The Tempest, there is not abundant strong evidence to support the reading that Shakespeare meant Caliban to be Native American.If Shakespeare intended Caliban to represent Native American then Leslie Fieldler notes, Calibans attempt on Mirandas virtue makes him the first nonwhite rapist in white mans literature his freedom song is the first American poem and when he guzzles too much of Stephanos wine, Caliban is the first drunken Indian in Western literature (Vaughan, Shakespeares, 148). Native Americans struggle enough with poor representation in American society there is not a pressing need to demonstrate Shakespeare intended Caliban to be solely Native American if it results in additional derision.In contrast, Jeffrey L. Hantman in Calibans Own Voice American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia summarizes the 20th century importance of Caliban as a universal indigenous voice, He is African, and he is Caribbean. He has been a native of Madagascar, Quebec, Cuba, Nigeria, Kenya, and Zambia. Today, he is sometime enslaved, and psychologically dependent, but he is also a guerilla, a revolutionary, and a hero (71). Who Shakespeare intended Caliban to be is a non-issue for those who identify with Caliban.If people find an entryway into identifying with Caliban, then certainly Caliban becomes them as much as they become Caliban. Although it would be erroneous to claim Shakespeare meant The Tempest as an allegory for English Imperialism in the New World and Caliban solely represents Native Americans, the play does metaphorically represent English imperialism and encapsulates English sentiments towards the New World during the time of the plays cultural production.A brief overview of Englands New World exploration and colonization demonstrates how the English perception of the New World and Native Americans transformed during the development of English imperialism. Within the play, Gonzalos interests in the island and his plantation scheme illustrate the English imperial yearning for the New World and an opportunity to develop a society closer to a natural state. Furthermore, the first exchange between Caliban and Prospero encapsulate the conflicts that mar imperial relationship between indigenous people and the colonizer.Moreover, although Caliban does not represent specifically Nativ e Americans, he can broadly represent all subjugated indigenous people. There are many congruencies between events in The Tempest and events during the late 16th and 17th century English imperialism. The Tempest is an example where Shakespeare was not necessarily predicting a future outcome but more likely articulating the trajectory of a present English course. Works Cited Bertram, Benjamin. The Time is out of Joint Skepticism in Shakespeares England. Newark, NJ University of Delaware Press, 2004. De Montaigne, Michel.From Of the Cannibals. William Shakespeare The Tempest A Case Study in precise Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 119-20. Hakluyt, Richard. Reasons for Colonization. William Shakespeare The Tempest A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 125-34. Hantman, Jeffrey L. Calibans Own Voice American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia. New Literary History 23. 1 (1992) 69-81. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib., Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . Moffitt, John F. , and Santiago Sebastian. O Brave New People The European Invention of the American Indian. Albuquerque, NM University of New Mexico Press, 1996. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. William Shakespeare The Tempest A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 10-88. Sokol, B. J. A Brave New World of Knowledge Shakespeares the Tempest and Early Modern Epistemology. Cranbury, NJ Associated University Presses, 2003. Takaki, Ronald. The Tempest in the Wilderness. William Shakespeare The Tempest A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 140-172. Vaughan, Alden T. People of Wonder England Encounters the New Worlds Natives. New World of Wonders European Images of the Americas, 1492-1700. Ed. Rachel Doggett, et al. Seattle University of Wash ington Press, 1992. -. Shakespeares Indian The Americanization of Caliban. Shakespeare every quarter 39. 2 (1988) 137-153. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib. , Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . 1 Throughout the paper instead of simply using the term natives, I use indigenous people because the term natives carries ban imperialistic connotations. 2 I use the term New World provisionally in order to describe the dichotomy between Europe, the supposed Old World, and their actualization of the Americas, which they dubbed the New World. 3 While some scholars have argued that Shakespeare intended Caliban to be representative of Native American, this intentionality is problematic. I will examine this later in the paper.

Engineers Contributions

Societys standards of all time change and addresss contribute to society by meeting these demands. Engineers create technology and devices that people use day to day. They present current technology by making it more practical and improving the quality to satisfy consumers. When societys trends and fads change, engineers comply by redesigning products to accommodate for the changes. Engineers render time and money for all(prenominal) one by speeding up processes and cutting down occupation costs through efficiency. Society relies on engineers every day.Engineers create and develop various window pane modes, communicational devices and infrastructures that people use on a daily basis. Society uses technology that engineers construct. Many people in society use transportation technology to get to their destinations. Many people drive cars, take the train or bus and ride bicycles. Without engineers, all these transportation modes would cease to exist. Engineers play a major role i n vehicle production and efficiency. Without communicational technology society cannot function and would crumble down.Communication takes part in every souls life through different avenues. People use phones, e-mail and social networks on the internet to communicate with one another. Engineers certain these communicational technologies and continue to find ways to improve it. They discover ways to help society use technology by making it more practical. Practicality embodies an engineers mindset and this mentality contributes to societys economy. Engineers stimulate societys economy by allowing people to save money.Businesses hire engineers to help their production efficiency and to find ways to cut costs. Engineers redesign products so that they require less material but serve the same functions and capabilities. They find ways to salary increase the speed it takes to make each product. This allows the company to create more products per day and saves time. With the costs decre asing and production increasing, business can sell their goods for cheaper. Products that only the sozzled society could afford, such as televisions and cars, are now common amenities that many families have today.People can afford to buy vital products such as medicine at an affordable price. Engineers cut production time and costs to allow consumers to save money but always put pencil eraser as a priority. Engineers continually explore methods to ensure societys safety. They look for ways to improve the environments health. They minimalize air pollution caused by cars and factories by producing eco-friendly products and components. Engineers improve land conditions for people and animals so that they may live in suitable conditions.The water that people drink goes through a purification and safety process that engineers conduct. Engineers perform test to validate a buildings integrity through simulated earthquakes and wind speeds. any vehicle a person drives goes through multip le collision examinations and redesigned multiple times by engineers to ensure the highest safety ratings. The roads that people drive on have speed limits specifically analyzed and set by engineers to reduce accidents. Engineers secure the societys safety while progressing and planning for the future.Engineers constantly conform to societys ever-changing needs through innovation. With gas prices increasing rapidly, engineers develop electronic cars and maximize the vehicles miles per gallon ratio. People want computers to have better processors, deprave programs quicker, and carry less weight for traveling. Engineers have configured these electronic devices to perform at faster speeds and reduced material use to enhance the products portability. Society wants technology to keep developing with new inventions to provide more comfortability and less work.Engineers hold the key ingredient for technology innovation and they continue to furnish to societys demands. People may not noti ce the direct contributions that engineers give to society but society cant function without them. Every infrastructure in this nation is designed with maximum efficiency and practicality by an engineer. The amount that engineers contribute to society measures from small inventions such as a mechanically skillful pencil to as large as a robot landing on the planet Mars. Society will always need engineers and engineers will always contribute to society.

Alcohol, Alcoholism, and the American Indians

Native Americans or American Indians had a particularly strong sense of identity. Their clothes were special, their languages irreplaceable. Besides, their tribal dances much(prenominal) as Kachina traditional spirituality stone weapons strings or belts known as wampums sand painting and the habit of hunting the bison were all parts of their grow imbedded deep into their consciousness (Nichols, 1998).When the Europeans came to dislodge these roots by occupying the land that the Indians had believed to be theirs alone, the lives of the latter changed dramatically. This was a time of heathenish demise for the Indians, in fact.To drown appear the pain of humiliation felt due to their roots being pulled out the Indians found relief in alcohol. Thus, Sherman Alexie (1993), a Spokane/Coeur dAlene Indian, writes in The Lone Ranger and Tonto slugfest in Heaven Go ahead, Adrian said. Pull the trigger. I held a pistol to my temple. I was sober but wished I was drunk enough to pull the t rigger. intoxication becomes a means of drowning out the humiliation felt by the Indians. By try outing to drown out the pain of cultural demise, the Indians are as well making an attempt at self-renewal. They have been forced to move to the West by the armed Europeans.The new government wants to assimilate them, and destroy the Native American horti socialisation in the process, seeing that the government is afraid of being overthrown by the natives. Alexie uses Victors drive as a metaphor for the Native American finish. He writes your father will rise like a salmon, leap over the bridge He will rise, he will rise. The continuation of the American Indian culture is similar to the revolving life cycle.The author asserts that the Native American culture could keep on going like ashes flowing along the river. The culture may also rise one day like salmon rise in the river all of a sudden. The Native American culture could pass from multiplication to generation continuously. How ever, many of the Indians have no faith in the restoration of their culture. Countless Native American people are, therefore, hopelessly drinking their lives away because they feel no motivation to live a better life.The Native Americans do not see a way to improve their lives despite the faint hope of cultural restoration. Alcohol to them is a painkiller. As the Indians have lost faith in recovering the Native American culture, Alexie also shows that there is no way for the Indians to mother back their tradition and culture. He writes With each glass of beer, Samuel gained a few ounces of wisdom, courage.But after a while, he began to understand too much about idolatry and failure, too (Alexie 134). At first, the Indians believe that alcohol may help them escape from the reality and relieve the pain of losing their rich culture. But then, they realize that the loss of their culture makes them afraid and worried. They feel sad as a new culture takes over their spiritual traditions and dear customs, seeing that they have already failed in preventing their culture from being taken over by a new culture. Hence, Samuel neither forgets his tribes culture nor accepts the new customs.Though his tribes culture is being exterminated, he has no way to stop this from happening. All his life he has watched his brothers and sisters, and most of his tribe folks, fall into alcoholism and surrendered dreams. So, now, Samuel, the one who never drank, also wants both(prenominal) drink to relieve his pain of roots being pulled out. Moreover, he picks up the pieces of a story from the street and changes the world for a few moments in his foreland to show how he truly can escape the world.

Native American DBQ

In an attempt to overcome conflicts with the possession of Native American and, the United States mass in place policies that were Often inconsiderate to the Natives, but that they believed to be better economically, politically, and morally. These policies varied from government provided food for the Natives, to the distribution of the new body politic, and the treatment of Native for their mingled practices. All of these things greatly affected the course of Native American people and their cultures to this day. As Americans took over more land in the west, they began to kill the buffalo that lived at that place for supplies in massive amounts.Document C, Figure 16. 2, wows a mound of buffalo skeleton bones that would be shipped to the East for various fertilization purposes and represents the extent of the devastation to the buffalo population. Document C also shows the numerous ways that Native Americans used the buffalo in their everyday life. Various purposes that the buffa lo served were food from meat and fat, tools and weapons from the bones, wearable from the hide of the buffalo, and many others uses on the long list. No part of the buffalo was wasted by the Natives.When Americans came to their land and slaughtered the population, the Natives were left without any supplies for living. The Natives were forced to live take away of food that was provided for them by the government, even though it was the same white settlers who took away their food supply in the first place (Document C). Economically, this helped the United States. They had more land to sell and make money from, and they benefited off of the buffaloes. This was not equally beneficial to the Natives however. They were not even considered by the government that continued to invade their homes and lives.The government whitethorn conduct thought they were helping the Natives by providing them with the small food rations that they did, but the government as actually the root of the Nati ves food dilemma. There was discussion amongst the nations leadership over what should be done with the newly ceded land. Secretary of the Interior Carl Scours argued that the tribes are in the way Of the development Of the country as an obstacle. To overcome that, his speck was to give the Natives portions of the land as reservations, but that sections within that land be used by the government (Document B).In 1 887, Congress passed the Dates distinctness Act that allowed the chairperson to resurvey Native American land reservations if e see fit that the land could be advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes (Document E). Then in 1889, Theodore Roosevelt stated that it was explicit for them to break up the Indian reservations, disregard the tribal governments, allot the land in severalty, and treat Indians as we do other citizens, and that they are respecting Natives more than the Natives have respected them (Document F).It is made clear though that the Natives wish to be left unbuttered, both them and the land. In a letter to Roosevelt and the Washington Chiefs they express their concerns with how they farm and fall back the Hopi land. The Natives had a certain cycle for farming the land that could be ruined by the settlers (Document H). The Americans did not consider this Hopi petition though. This was a political move to stir to the Natives that they were a weaker race and also to pass legislation that supported it.The Americans may have thought they were doing well to the Natives, as Carl Scours said himself To civilize them And authoritative necessity if we mean to save them, but they Were only disrespecting their land and their requests. One thing that created such a strong barrier between the Natives and the Americans were cultural differences. The Dates Severalty Act allowed for the united States to ban crucial aspects of Indian culture, including native practices related to religion, education, language, and even dress and hairsty les (Document C).This shows the type of ignorance that the American people had towards the Native American cultures. They knew goose egg about them, yet they banned their practices. These sometimes harsh judgments were driven from fear. Some of the Native American practices legitimately frightened the Americans, particularly, the tribal gatherings where men, omen, and children participated in the ritual dance, pathetic in a circle and singing. These rituals scared them so much, that in December 1 890, U. S. Troops attacked and killed several hundred Indians (Document G).The American people again may have thought they were cleansing the Natives, but were only being inconsiderate to them as people. Their actions were morally unjustifiable. This time period has a long lasting encumbrance on the world. Entire tribes and cultures died because of the mistreatment and misjudgment of the Natives. Whether or not the American people thought they were helping in some way r another, they we re only destroying lives as if they sincerely yours were just obstacles and the nations course of development.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 21

When she opened her eyes, Elena found herself in some unmatchables attic. Its wide wooden floorboards and low rafters were stocky with dust, and the long room was crowded with objects a hammock, sleds, skis, boxes with words like Xmas or toddler toys or Bs winter clothes scribbled on them in black marker. Oilcloths were set up over larger objects that might be furniture, chairs and tables, by their shapes.At the far end of the room an old mattress lay on the floor, with an oilcloth crumpled at one end, as if someone sleeping there had been using it as a makeshift blanket and had shoved it off when they rose.Faint traces of pale light showed around the edges of a smal shuttered window at the nearer end of the attic. There was a soft rustling, as if mice were going abtaboo their private business behind the harbor of the stored furniture. It was al weirdly familiar.She looked back toward the far end of the attic and saw, without the faintest sense of surprise, that Damon was forthwi th sitting on the old mattress, his long black-clad legs drawn up, his elbows resting on his knees. He was managing to give the appearance of lounging graceful y despite his awkward position.The places where we meet are getting less and less elegant, she told him dryly.Damon laughed and held up his hands in denial. You assemble the locations, princess, he state. This is your show. Im just along for the ride. He paused thoughtful y. Okay, thats not entirely true, he confessed. But you do pick the locations. Where are we, bothway?You dont know? Elena state with mock indignation.This is a very special place for us, Damon Ful of memories You brought me here right after I became a vampire, remember?He looked around. Oh, yes. The attic of the house where the instructor was staying. Convenient at the time, but youre right an elegant setting suits us both much better. May I suggest a nice castle next time? He patted the mattress next to him.Elena, crossing the floor toward him, took a moment to marvel at how realistic and detailed her day ideate was. Each gait she took sent tiny puffs of dust up from the floor. There was a slight scent of mildew She couldnt remember ever having smel ed anything in a dream before these imaginativenesss of Damon.When she sat down, the mildew smel got stronger. She nestled close to Damon anyway, resting her head on his shoulder, and his leather jacket creaked as he put his arm around her. Elena closed in(p) her eyes and sighed. She felt safe and secure within his embrace, feelings she had never associated with Damon, but they were good ones. I miss you, Damon, she said. Please come back to me.Damon leaned his cheek against her head, and she un congresswomand in the smel of him. Leather and soap and the strange but pleasant woodsy scent that was Damons own.Im right here, he said.Not real y, Elena said, and her eyes fil ed with bust again. She wiped them roughly away with the backs of her hands. It feels like Ive been doing not hing but crying lately,she said. When Im here with you I feel safer, though. But its just a dream. It wont last, this feeling.Damon stiffened. Safer? he said, and there was a strained note in his voice. You arent safe when youre not with me? Isnt my little brother looking after you properly?Oh, Damon, you cant imagine, Elena said. StefanShe took a deep breath, put her head in her hands, and began to sob.What is it? Whats happened? asked Damon sharply. When Elena didnt answer, just continued to cry, he took her hands and tugged them gently but firmly away from her face. Elena, he said. Look at me. Has something happened to Stefan?No, said Elena through her tears. Wel , yes, sort of I dont real y know whats happened to him, but hes changed. Damon was looking at her intently, his nightblack eyes fixed on hers, and Elena made an effort to pul herself together. She hated acting like this, so weak and pathetic, sobbing on someones shoulder instead of cool y formulating a solution to the p roblem at hand. She didnt want Damon, even a dream Damon who was just part of her subconscious, seeing her like this. She sniffled and wiped her eyes with the back of her hand.Damon delved into an inner pocket of his leather jacket and handed her a neatly folded white handkerchief. Elena stared at it, hence at him, and he shrugged. Im an oldfashioned gentleman, sometimes, he said, straight-faced.Hundreds of years of linen handkerchiefs. Some habits are hard to break.Elena blew her nose and wiped her cheeks. She didnt quite know what to do with the soggy handkerchief it seemed gross to hand it back to Damon so she just held on to it, twisting it between her hands as she thought.Now tel me about whats going on. Whats wrong with Stefan? What happened to him? Damon commanded.Wel Elena said slowly, I dont know whats wrong with Stefan, and I dont know if anything happened to change him that you dont already know about. Maybe hes just reacting to your you know. It suddenly seemed weird to refer to Damons death when he was sitting next to her impolite somehow but Damon nodded at her to go on. Its been hard on him. And hes been even more than tense and weird for the last couple on of days. Then, earlier this evening, I was visiting my parents in the cemetery She told Damon about Stefans attack on Caleb. The worst part is that I never suspected this side of Stefan existed, she finished. I cant think of any real reason he had to attack Caleb he just claimed that Caleb wanted me, and that he was dangerous, but Caleb hadnt done anything and Stefan seemed so irrational, and so violent. He was like another person.Elenas eyes were fil ing with tears again, and Damon pul ed her closer, stroking her hair and gently peppering her face with soft kisses. Elena closed her eyes and gradual y relaxed into his arms. Damon held her more firmly, and his kisses got slower and deeper. Then he was cradling her head with his strong, gentle hands and kissing her mouth.Oh, Damon, sh e murmured. This was more vivid than any dream shed ever had. His lips were soft and warm, with just a little roughness to them, and it felt like she was fal ing into him. Wait. He kissed her more insistently but, when she pul ed away, let her go.Wait, Elena repeated, sitting up straight. Somehow she had lain back until she was half reclining crossways the musty old mattress with Damon, her legs entangled with his. She moved away from him, toward the edge of the mattress. Damon, whatevers going on with Stefan scares me. But that doesnt mean Damon, Im stil in love with Stefan.You love me, too, you know, Damon said lightly. His aristocratic eyes narrowed. Youre not getting rid of me that easily, princess.I do love you, Elena said. Her eyes were dry now. She thought she might be al cried out, at least(prenominal) for the moment. Her voice was quite steady as she added, Il always love you, I guess. But youre dead. And Stefan is my true love, if I had to choose between you, she though t, but did not say. What was the institutionalize? Im sorry, Damon, she went on,but youre gone. And Il always love Stefan, but suddenly Im afraid of him, of what he might do. I dont know whats going to happen to us. I thought things would be easy now that were home again, but awful things are stil happening.Damon sighed and lay back on the mattress. He stared up at the ceiling in conquer for a moment. Listen, he said final y, lacing his fingers across his chest. Youve always underestimated Stefans potential for violence.Hes not violent, Elena said hotly. He doesnt even drink human blood.He doesnt drink human blood because he doesnt want to be violent. He doesnt want to wrong anyone. But Elena Damon reached out and took her hand my little brothers got a temper. I know that if anyone does.Elena shivered. She knew that, back when they were humans, Stefan and Damon had kil ed each other in a fit of rage over what they thought was Katherines death. Katherines blood had been in both t heir systems, and they had uprise again as vampires that night. Their anger and jealousy over a lost love had destroyed them both.However, Damon continued, much as it pains me to admit it, Stefan would never hurt you, and wouldnt hurt anyone else without a real reason. Not without the kind of reason you would approve of. Not these days. He might have a temper, but hes also got a conscience. He smirked a little and added, An annoying, self-righteous kind of conscience, of course, but its there. And he loves you, Elena. Youre the whole world to him.Maybe youre right, Elena said. Im scared, though. And I wish you were there with me. She looked at him, as sleepy and confiding as a tired child now. Damon, I wish you werent dead. I miss you. Please come back to me.Damon smiled and kissed her softly. But then he pul ed away and Elena could feel the dream changing. She tried to cling to the moment, but it faded and Damon was lost to her again.Please be careful, Damon, said Sage, worry line s marring his dye forehead.It wasnt often that the muscular Keeper of the Gates looked worried or spoke only one language at a time but ever since Damon had staggered back from death and out of the ashes, Sage had spoken softly and clearly to him in English, treating the vampire as if he were likely to shatter at any minute.I usual y am careful, said Damon, leaning against the wal of what they cal ed, for want of a better term, the mystical elevator. Unless Im being heart-stoppingly brave, of course. The words were right, but to Damons own ears, his voice sounded off hoarse and hesitant.Sage seemed to hear the wrongness there, too, and his handsome face furrowed in a frown. You can stay longer if you want.Damon leaned back against the explicit white wal . I have to go, he said wearily, for what felt like the mil ionth time.Shes in danger. But thank you for everything, Sage.He wouldnt be here now without Sage. The powerful vampire had cleaned Damon up, given him clothes stylish b lack clothes in the right size and fed him blood and rich Black magical wine until Damon had been hauled back from the edge of death and realized who he was again. But Damon didnt feel like himself. There was a strange empty ache inner him, as if hed left something behind, buried deep under the ash.Sage was stil frowning, staring at him with grave concern. Damon pul ed himself together and gave Sage a sudden bril iant smile. deficiency me luck, he said. The smile helped The other vampires face relaxed.Bonne chance, mon ami, he said. I wish you the very best of luck.Bilingual again, Damon thought. I must be looking better.Fel s Church, he said into the empty air. The United States, the mortal realm. Somewhere I can hide.He raised a hand in solemn gift to Sage and pushed the elevators single button.Elena woke up in darkness. She ran a quick and automatic mental check smooth, fabric-softener-scented cotton sheets, dim light from the window past the can of her bed on the right, th e faint sound of Robert snoring in his and Aunt Judiths bedroom at the other end of the hal . Her own old familiar room. fundament again.She heaved a deep sigh. She didnt feel quite as mired in despair as she had when she climbed into bed things were dark, but she could admit there was a contingency they might someday get better again. But her eyes and throat felt raw from crying. She missed Damon so much. A floorboard creaked. Elena stiffened. She knew that creak. It was the high, complaining yawp the floorboard over near her window gave if you stepped right in the middle of it. Someone was in her room.Elena lay very stil , running through the possibilities. Stefan would have announce himself as soon as he heard her sigh. Was it Margaret, quietly wandering in to crawl into bed with Elena?Margaret? she asked softly.There was no answer. Her ears straining, Elena thought she could make out the sound of slow, heavy breathing. Suddenly the lamp on her desk was switched on, and Elena was temporarily dazzled by the bright light. She could see only the silhouette of a dark figure.Then her vision cleared. And at the foot of her bed, a half smile on his chiseled face, dark eyes wary, as if he was unsure of his welcome, stood a figure togged up al in black. Damon.

Causes of the Dust Bowl Essay

One of the most devastating environmental crises that occurred in the United States was the break up roster. The dissipate Bowl began shortly after the Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s. It touched everyone, farmers and consumers alike, in its path negatively. The system Bowl of the 1930s was ca utilize by four major factors drouth, humor misconception, poor l suppress management, and most importantly, speck erosion.The show season of the four major factors is drought. During the Dust Bowl and the 1930s there were four major periods of drought. The low lasted from 1930 to 1931, the second occurred in 1934, the third in 1936, and the last period of drought lasted from 1939 to 1940. The Great Plains had experienced periods of drought before and no major problems had occurred, so the main problem was that the farmers did not ware enough time in between the periods of drought to recover because they were so close to directher. An early(a) issue was that the droughts occurred at the kindred time as the economic downfall known as the Great Depression. This meant the farmers did not have the money to spend to help their crops. Also, many farmers simply believed that the droughts would end and that the rains would come soon as they had many other times in the 1900s (Drought).Climate misconception played a large role in the substructure of the Dust Bowl as well. The misconceptions about the climate and the annual rainfall in the Great Plains first began in the nineteenth century when people first began to settle in the area. Many of these settlers believed that they would always get enough rain to grow healthy crops because they settled on the land during years with abnormally tall amounts of rain. other reason people believed that the land would always be good to farm is because they were fed propaganda by railroad companies and land boosters. Even though there were several periods of drought that occurred before the 1930s and the Dust Bowl, people were encouraged by the rains that always came soon after. The farmers misconceptions of the climate and annual rainfall also affected the way they farmed the land (Causes).Poor land management is one of the two most important causes of the Dust Bowl. The farmers were not able to manage their land well because they were not cognizant of the different techniques they should have apply on their farms in the Plains. One of the techniques that the farmers should have used was crop rotation. Crop rotation would have been a great help in keeping their imperfection in larger clumps, whereas when the farmers repeatedly planted chaff in the soil, the nutrients were used up and were not replenished. This caused the soil to break up into a dust-like consistency that do the soil easier to be swept away by the winds. Farmers also should have had a year outrage ground cover on the soil to prevent the wind from sweeping it away, but the farmers were not aware of the heig htened risk of wind erosion because they had not had to deal with it in the past.The last technique that the farmers should have used to help manage their land is known as shelter belting. Shelter belting is the process of position trees and bushes in order to slow and block the winds that blew across the otherwise flat ground of the Great Plains. Another issue with the way the farmers managed their land was that they switched from the lister (a type of plow commonly used by farmers in the 1900s) to the one way disk plow. The one way disk plow was favored by the farmers because it do plowing the field easier and much faster, but the downside to the new invention was that it left the soil even much susceptible to wind erosion (The Dust Bowl).The last factor that contributed to the Dust Bowl is wind erosion. bring up erosion is considered to be the most important and the most preventable cause of the environmental crises. It has since been proven that the surface of the farm is d irectly related to the amount of wind erosion that will occur on the land. Experts express that the smaller the farm is the more wind erosion there will be on the land because larger farms are necessary to finance and benefit from erosion control. Small farmers on the other playscript need to cultivate more of their land more intensely and they usually do not acquit enough money to be able to spend anything on soil conservation.Many historians and researchers blame the oversupply of small farmers who did not participate in erosion control for the extent of the wind erosion during the 1930s and they blame the Homestead Act of 1862 for bringing these farmers to the Plains. The Homestead Act gave away hundreds of thousands ofland plots that ranged from about one hundred sixty terra firma to about 320 acres even though agricultural experts recommended that the farms should be about 700 acres to 1200 acres to minimize wind erosion. The farmers that moved onto the land that was give n away were the kind of farmers that did not implement the soil conservation tactics that were necessary to prevent the Dust Bowl in the Great Plains (Wind Erosion).In conclusion, drought, climate misconceptions, poor land management, and wind erosion were the four main causes of the agricultural tragedy of the 1930s. These four factors came in concert at the beginning of the 1930s to create what is now known as the Dust Bowl which lasted until the end of the decade. Thankfully, an environmental crisis like this has never taken place again in the United States and thanks to the organizations founded after the Dust Bowl, such as the Soil Conservation Service, our generation and the generations that follow will not have to live through the hardships that another Dust Bowl would cause.

The Effect of the Invention of Basketball on American Society

For those who do not consider themselves hoops game fans, the shimmers significance whitethorn seem irrelevant or of very superficial. objet dart these people may not think to thank Dr. James Naismith for his invention of the game, we should all(prenominal) thank him for the major contri scarceions he made and paths he paved for this farming. Although basketball may be seen as just a sport fly the cooped for fun and enjoyment, its inventions impact on Americans was huge, positive, and everlasting. The inventor himself had a very strange and rough road to get to that disreputable winter night that the game was created.James Naismith wasnt born in your ideal view of a basketball setting, but in Canada. Both his mother and father passed a elbow room of typhoid fever beforehand he had turned nine years old. James then moved in with his uncle in Springfield, Massachusetts, terribly overwhelmed and distressed. He dropped out of school at the age of fifteen because he saw no need i n learning more than he already knew (Hill 9). If Naismith would support actually gone along with this way of thinking, the pilgrimage to the invention of basketball could nurse ended right then and there.In fact, the only reason Naismith ever went to college was that his uncle treasured him to become a minister. He went on to attend Presbyterian College, where the invention was a great case of serendipity. While he was there, there were no sports being played between football and shewball season out-of-pocket to the cold weather. He noticed ath allowes were bored and as he would later write, he was just toilsome to find a solution to a problem (Hill 7). This indoor game played with peach baskets shortly exploded in popularity and the recumb was history.In the mid-1800s a majority, if not all, of American culture was adopted from another country. baseball was being played, which was derived from the English game of cricket. The sport of l crosswayse was learned from the Nat ive Americans. We however cooked identical Europeans and dressed like them. We, of course, had broken off politi dealy, but we struggled to find difference materialistically. basketball, however, fostered both pride and identity (Gems). The game was American-made and everyone treasured a part in it. A communal interest was taken and people were proud to call it theirs.The game taught, and still teaches, a great lesson in diversity. Lots of people grew to know the meaning of the tidings through with(predicate) their experiences with the sport. The term was significant in studying and analyzing other teams and players basketball approaches, such as the types of plays they ran or just how good they were. More importantly, however, diversity among people was discovered. The sport broadened stereotypes and views of other races. It allowed players to realize that there argon no real differences. In the late 1890s, basketballs very early days, ethnically divers(prenominal) advocates of the game were very prevalent.Groups like the German Turners, Czech Sokols, and Polish Falcons loved the sport and acquiesced to the interests of second-generation youths such as basketball (Gems). Integration saw a huge advancement due to basketball. Teams all across the country were being formed and they would play against each other. Teams in this time were not allowed to be mixed. It was either a white team or an African American team. After a few years, in the North, the African American teams proved to be the best (Gems). This allowed the blacks to feel like, for the first time, they were not completely and utterly under the whites.African Americans found hope and determination through the sport in a time where nightclub was so cruel to them. These players also gave the game something that would change basketball forever. They added a style of play thatemphasized speed, agility, shining jumping ability and creative ball handling which today be hallmarks of the game that millions of Americans love (Logan). collectable to their capabilities and the racial diversity the sport of basketball quickly saw, African Americans were widely respected and accepted in professional leagues in the North soon afterwards its creation.Also, children learned a lot about racial equality through playing ball in their communities. Although kids in the neighborhood became friends, children of varying races didnt public lecture much until they played basketball where children played basketball together, black and white, without incident (Kelley). The tension, of course, was not completely gone, but once the games began race was forgotten. Even today the sport brings all kinds of people together in all levels of competition. Women gained a lot as well from this sport. Through playing, women began to feel quality as they leaded the same stardom as men who also played.Even early on, womens games were known for having a strong male fan base as well as entire families in a ttendance (Milner). It would have been very rare before this for women to be so supported by men, and the public in the general. Women before Naismiths time had little to no rights and were very restricted to the things they could do that men also did. Being able to play in professional leagues with men was a very sizeable step for their gaining of equality. Eventually, the WNBA was created, becoming the first professional womens league of the four major U. S. sports. umteen international links were formed through basketball as well. The earlier American sport rapidly spread to all parts of the world where the game was loved. Worldwide leagues have since been created, spreading competition, as well as the sports popularity. The U. S. however, displayed global dominance in the sport right away. America won the first seven gold medals in Olympic basketball after the sport was added permanently in 1936 (Milner). This case of superiority added even more to Americas understanding of p ride and identity. Like everything else, basketball is not, by any means, perfect.There are some flaws with the sport that can be seen as very problematic. However, these issues are not in the slightest case unique and would be very rugged to eliminate completely. Throughout the basketball world, minors who showcase special talent or potential are often victims of illegal action. Through gambling, recruiting, and scandals, these young athletes are the center of black-market professionalism caused by corporate capital funneled into amateur sports (Wetzel introduction). All members involved in these leagues are sucked into the corruption.Teams, coaches, and whole universities are often sucked into the aftermath of a scandal. This puts a bad label on sometimes undeserving participants. The sport, and everything that comes with it, also puts a multitude of drag on kids. Shoe, companies with high deals to offer, make children feel like they must cooperate in order to have their dreams come true. Teenagers become more focused on the money than the sport they love. These campaigns startle college, high school, and even junior high school students with ongoing exploitation (Wetzel introduction).These campaigns also cause for some major let-downs. aspiring young players who see these ads and promises of fame and fortune work hard only to have their dreams crushed. Some advocates of this way of view the inside of basketball may say that society should be appalled. According to Dan Wetzel, this is an important alarm to society that for too long has ignored the dark business behind amateur sports- and what it does to those who play them (introduction). However, I gullt see this as an overwhelming, shocking issue. Crime like this happens everywhere, and in all sports.There in no way to ensure that this isnt done. We should focus more on the bright side of this culture Naismith has give us and not pick out the negatives. Those young athletes who do make it symbolize everything that amateur players play for. They look back and admire where theyve been and how they got to where they are. They are filled with admiration of their hard work, the choices they made, and the chances they took. Aside from personal benefit, the rest of society greatly benefits economically from the sport as a whole. Television ratings and ticket sales let towns and businesses prosper.The amount of events pertaining to the sport is a great device to keep money circulating through cities. Also, the big time stars that certain cities produce often give back to their communities. Charities such as NBA Cares donate to organizations everywhere. This game, this sport, this way of life to some, has so much sentimental value. Basketball teaches so many lifelong lessons that can be applied to anything one does in his or her time. The game promotes teamwork, spirit, and helps get children active (Carlo). These three ideas are hypercritical and very behooving in a variety of profes sions as well as walks of life all across the world.Basketball also teaches people to neer give up. Through adversity, you must keep fighting and pushing through to advance and help your team succeed. Quitting never helps, and if one works hard enough, he will reach his peak, much like Naismith learned. Another great thing this game gives us is friendship. Adults everywhere share chumminess with one another based on friendships from high school or college which all began on a basketball court. In the words of former NBA player and United States congressman, Bill Bradley, basketball is the gift that never stops giving. The game is full of great joy and great memory.Its invention needs to be celebrated. Basketball remains one of the driving forces behind Americans through its enjoyment and the life lessons that it teaches. We owe a larger-than-life part of our sense of pride and identity to Dr. James Naismith. His invention over a hundred and 20 years ago made a huge impact on li fe back then, as it does now. Without him and his creation, many things that many people take for granted would not be able to be enjoyed. Many of the paths he indirectly paved for this country, and its citizens, goes unnoticed. However, this invention changed our culture and society forever.